Eliminating the getopt disgrace.

chmod.c

@@ -13,26 +13,32 @@ static bool rflag = false;
 static char oper = '=';
 static mode_t mode = 0;
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-r] mode [file...]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char c;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "r")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'r':
 		rflag = true;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	if(optind == argc)
-		eprintf("usage: %s [-r] mode [file...]\n", argv[0]);
 
-	parsemode(argv[optind++]);
+	if(argc < 1)
-	for(; optind < argc; optind++)
+		usage();
-		chmodr(argv[optind]);
+
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+	parsemode(argv[0]);
+	for(++argv; argc > 0; argc--)
+		chmodr(argv[0]);
+	return 0;
 }
 
 void

chown.c

@@ -14,22 +14,30 @@ static bool rflag = false;
 static struct passwd *pw = NULL;
 static struct group *gr = NULL;
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-r] [owner][:[group]] file...\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char c, *owner, *group;
+	char *owner, *group;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "r")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'r':
 		rflag = true;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	if(optind == argc)
+	if(argc == 0)
-		eprintf("usage: %s [-r] [owner][:group] [file...]\n", argv[0]);
+		usage();
-	owner = argv[optind++];
+
+	owner = argv[0];
+	argv++;
 	if((group = strchr(owner, ':')))
 		*group++ = '\0';
 
@@ -49,9 +57,10 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		else if(!gr)
 			eprintf("getgrnam %s: no such group\n", group);
 	}
-	for(; optind < argc; optind++)
+	for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++)
-		chownpwgr(argv[optind]);
+		chownpwgr(argv[0]);
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 void
@@ -63,3 +72,4 @@ chownpwgr(const char *path)
 	if(rflag)
 		recurse(path, chownpwgr);
 }
+

cmp.c

@@ -7,19 +7,24 @@
 
 enum { Same = 0, Diff = 1, Error = 2 };
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	enprintf(Error, "usage: %s [-ls] file1 file2\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 	bool lflag = false;
 	bool sflag = false;
 	bool same = true;
-	char c;
 	int b[2], i;
 	long line = 1, n = 1;
 	FILE *fp[2];
 
-	if((c = getopt(argc, argv, "ls")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'l':
 		lflag = true;
 		break;
@@ -27,31 +32,35 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		sflag = true;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(Error);
+		usage();
+	} ARGEND;
+
+	if(argc < 2)
+		usage();
+
+	for(i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+		if(!(fp[i] = fopen(argv[i], "r")))
+			enprintf(Error, "fopen %s:", argv[i]);
 	}
-	if(optind != argc-2)
+	for(n = 1; ((b[0] = getc(fp[0])) != EOF) \
-		enprintf(Error, "usage: %s [-ls] file1 file2\n", argv[0]);
+			| ((b[1] = getc(fp[1])) != EOF); n++) {
-	for(i = 0; i < 2; i++)
-		if(!(fp[i] = fopen(argv[optind+i], "r")))
-			enprintf(Error, "fopen %s:", argv[optind+i]);
-	for(n = 1; ((b[0] = getc(fp[0])) != EOF) | ((b[1] = getc(fp[1])) != EOF); n++) {
 		if(b[0] == '\n')
 			line++;
 		if(b[0] == b[1])
 			continue;
 		for(i = 0; i < 2; i++)
 			if(b[i] == EOF)
-				enprintf(Diff, "cmp: EOF on %s\n", argv[optind+i]);
+				enprintf(Diff, "cmp: EOF on %s\n", argv[i]);
 		if(!lflag) {
 			if(!sflag)
 				printf("%s %s differ: char %ld, line %ld\n",
-				       argv[optind], argv[optind+1], n, line);
+				       argv[0], argv[1], n, line);
 			exit(Diff);
-		}
+		} else {
-		else {
 			printf("%4ld %3o %3o\n", n, b[0], b[1]);
 			same = false;
 		}
 	}
 	return same ? Same : Diff;
 }
+

date.c

@@ -5,10 +5,17 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include "util.h"
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-u] [-d format] [+FORMAT]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char buf[BUFSIZ], c;
+	char buf[BUFSIZ];
 	char *fmt = "%c";
 	struct tm *now = NULL;
 	struct tm *(*tztime)(const time_t *) = localtime;
@@ -16,24 +23,25 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	time_t t;
 
 	t = time(NULL);
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "d:u")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'd':
-			t = estrtol(optarg, 0);
+		t = estrtol(EARGF(usage()), 0);
 		break;
 	case 'u':
 		tztime = gmtime;
 		tz = "gm";
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	if(optind < argc && argv[optind][0] == '+')
+	if(argc > 0 && argv[0][0] == '+')
-		fmt = &argv[optind][1];
+		fmt = &argv[0][1];
 	if(!(now = tztime(&t)))
 		eprintf("%stime failed\n", tz);
 
 	strftime(buf, sizeof buf, fmt, now);
 	puts(buf);
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
+

dirname.c

@@ -5,14 +5,26 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include "util.h"
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s string\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	if(getopt(argc, argv, "") != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	default:
-	if(optind != argc-1)
+		usage();
-		eprintf("usage: %s string\n", argv[0]);
+	} ARGEND;
+
+	if(argc < 1)
+		usage();
 
 	puts(dirname(argv[optind]));
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
+

echo.c

@@ -5,23 +5,31 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include "util.h"
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-n] text\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 	bool nflag = false;
-	char c;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "n")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'n':
 		nflag = true;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	for(; optind < argc; optind++)
+
-		putword(argv[optind]);
+	for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++)
+		putword(argv[0]);
 	if(!nflag)
 		putchar('\n');
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
+

fold.c

@@ -13,15 +13,20 @@ static void foldline(const char *, long);
 static bool bflag = false;
 static bool sflag = false;
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-bs] [-w width] [FILE...]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char c;
 	long width = 80;
 	FILE *fp;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bsw:")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'b':
 		bflag = true;
 		break;
@@ -29,20 +34,22 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		sflag = true;
 		break;
 	case 'w':
-			width = estrtol(optarg, 0);
+		width = estrtol(EARGF(usage()), 0);
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	if(optind == argc)
+
+	if(argc == 0) {
 		fold(stdin, width);
-	else for(; optind < argc; optind++) {
+	} else for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++) {
-		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[optind], "r")))
+		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[0], "r")))
-			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[optind]);
+			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[0]);
 		fold(fp, width);
 		fclose(fp);
 	}
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 void
@@ -96,3 +103,4 @@ foldline(const char *str, long width)
 			putchar('\n');
 	} while(str[i = n] && str[i] != '\n');
 }
+

head.c

@@ -7,30 +7,37 @@
 
 static void head(FILE *, const char *, long);
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-n] [FILE...]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char c;
 	long n = 10;
 	FILE *fp;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "n:")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'n':
-			n = estrtol(optarg, 0);
+		n = estrtol(EARGF(usage()), 0);
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	if(optind == argc)
+
+	if(argc == 0) {
 		head(stdin, "<stdin>", n);
-	else for(; optind < argc; optind++) {
+	} else for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++) {
-		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[optind], "r")))
+		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[0], "r")))
-			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[optind]);
+			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[0]);
-		head(fp, argv[optind], n);
+		head(fp, argv[0], n);
 		fclose(fp);
 	}
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 void
@@ -47,3 +54,4 @@ head(FILE *fp, const char *str, long n)
 	if(ferror(fp))
 		eprintf("%s: read error:", str);
 }
+

kill.c

@@ -19,60 +19,62 @@ struct {
 #undef SIG
 };
 
-static void usage(void);
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-s signal] [pid...]\n"
+	        "       %s -l [signum]\n", argv0, argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
 
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 	bool lflag = false;
-	char c, *end;
+	char *end, *v;
 	int sig = SIGTERM;
 	pid_t pid;
 	size_t i;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "ls:")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'l':
 		lflag = true;
 		break;
 	case 's':
-			sig = strtol(optarg, &end, 0);
+		v = EARGF(usage());
+		sig = strtol(v, &end, 0);
 		if(*end == '\0')
 			break;
-			for(i = 0; i < LEN(sigs); i++)
+		for(i = 0; i < LEN(sigs); i++) {
-				if(!strcasecmp(optarg, sigs[i].name)) {
+			if(!strcasecmp(v, sigs[i].name)) {
 				sig = sigs[i].sig;
 				break;
 			}
+		}
 		if(i == LEN(sigs))
-				eprintf("%s: unknown signal\n", optarg);
+			eprintf("%s: unknown signal\n", v);
 		break;
 	default:
 		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	if(optind < argc-1)
+
+	if(argc < 2)
 		usage();
 
 	if(lflag) {
-		sig = (optind == argc) ? 0 : estrtol(argv[optind], 0);
+		sig = (argc > 0) ? 0 : estrtol(argv[0], 0);
 		if(sig > 128)
 			sig = WTERMSIG(sig);
 		for(i = 0; i < LEN(sigs); i++)
 			if(sigs[i].sig == sig || sig == 0)
 				putword(sigs[i].name);
 		putchar('\n');
-	}
+	} else for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++) {
-	else for(; optind < argc; optind++) {
+		pid = estrtol(argv[0], 0);
-		pid = estrtol(argv[optind], 0);
 		if(kill(pid, sig) == -1)
 			eprintf("kill %d:", pid);
 	}
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
-void
-usage(void)
-{
-	eprintf("usage: %s [-s signal] [pid...]\n"
-	        "       %s -l [signum]\n", argv0, argv0);
-}

ln.c

@@ -11,13 +11,17 @@ static int ln(const char *, const char *);
 static bool sflag = false;
 static bool fflag = false;
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-fs] target linkname\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char c;
+	ARGBEGIN {
-
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "fs")) != -1)
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'f':
 		fflag = true;
 		break;
@@ -25,10 +29,12 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		sflag = true;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	enmasse(argc - optind, &argv[optind], ln);
+
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+	enmasse(argc, &argv[0], ln);
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 int
@@ -45,3 +51,4 @@ ln(const char *s1, const char *s2)
 	}
 	return -1;
 }
+

ls.c

@@ -35,15 +35,20 @@ static bool tflag = false;
 static bool first = true;
 static bool many;
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-adlt] [FILE...]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char c;
 	int i, n;
 	Entry *ents;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "adlt")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'a':
 		aflag = true;
 		break;
@@ -57,22 +62,25 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		tflag = true;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	many = (argc > optind+1);
 
-	if((n = argc - optind) > 0) {
+	many = (argc > 1);
+
+	if((n = argc) > 0) {
 		if(!(ents = malloc(n * sizeof *ents)))
 			eprintf("malloc:");
 		for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
-			mkent(&ents[i], argv[optind+i]);
+			mkent(&ents[i], argv[i]);
-		qsort(ents, n, sizeof *ents, (int (*)(const void *, const void *))entcmp);
+		qsort(ents, n, sizeof *ents,
+				(int (*)(const void *, const void *))entcmp);
 		for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
 			ls(ents[i].name);
 	}
 	else
 		ls(".");
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 int
@@ -229,3 +237,4 @@ output(Entry *ent)
 	}
 	putchar('\n');
 }
+

mc.c

@@ -14,32 +14,37 @@ static struct linebuf b = EMPTY_LINEBUF;
 static long n_columns;
 static long n_rows;
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-c chars] [FILE...]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	int c;
 	long i, l, col;
 	size_t maxlen = 0;
 	char *space;
 	FILE *fp;
 
-	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "c:")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch (c) {
 	case 'c':
-			chars = estrtol(optarg, 0);
+		chars = estrtol(EARGF(usage()), 0);
 		if(chars < 3)
 			eprintf("%d: too few character columns");
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(2);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
 
 	/* XXX librarify this chunk, too?  only useful in sponges though */
-	if(optind == argc)
+	if(argc == 0) {
 		getlines(stdin, &b);
-	else for(; optind < argc; optind++) {
+	} else for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++) {
-		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[optind], "r")))
+		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[0], "r")))
-			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[optind]);
+			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[0]);
 		getlines(fp, &b);
 		fclose(fp);
 	}
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		for(l = 0; l < b.nlines; ++l) {
 			fputs(b.lines[l], stdout);
 		}
-		return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+		return 0;
 	}
 
 	if(!(space = malloc(maxlen + 2)))
@@ -78,6 +83,6 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		fputs("\n", stdout);
 	}
 
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+	return 0;
 }
 

mkdir.c

@@ -10,26 +10,35 @@
 
 static void mkdirp(char *);
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-p] directory...\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 	bool pflag = false;
-	char c;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "p")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'p':
 		pflag = true;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
+	} ARGEND;
+
+	for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++) {
+		if(pflag) {
+			mkdirp(argv[0]);
+		} else if(mkdir(argv[0], S_IRWXU|S_IRWXG|S_IRWXO) == -1) {
+			eprintf("mkdir %s:", argv[0]);
 		}
-	for(; optind < argc; optind++)
+	}
-		if(pflag)
+
-			mkdirp(argv[optind]);
+	return 0;
-		else if(mkdir(argv[optind], S_IRWXU|S_IRWXG|S_IRWXO) == -1)
-			eprintf("mkdir %s:", argv[optind]);
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
 
 void
@@ -46,3 +55,4 @@ mkdirp(char *path)
 			*p = '/';
 	} while(p);
 }
+

mkfifo.c

@@ -5,13 +5,26 @@
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include "util.h"
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s name...\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	while(getopt(argc, argv, "") != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	default:
-	for(; optind < argc; optind++)
+		usage();
-		if(mkfifo(argv[optind], S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IWGRP|S_IROTH|S_IWOTH) == -1)
+	} ARGEND;
-			eprintf("mkfifo %s:", argv[optind]);
+	for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++) {
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+		if(mkfifo(argv[0], S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IRGRP|\
+					S_IWGRP|S_IROTH|S_IWOTH) == -1) {
+			eprintf("mkfifo %s:", argv[0]);
 		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+

mv.c

@@ -9,17 +9,28 @@
 
 int mv(const char *, const char *);
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s source... dest\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 	struct stat st;
 
-	if(getopt(argc, argv, "") != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	default:
+		usage();
+	} ARGEND;
+
 	if(argc > 3 && !(stat(argv[argc-1], &st) == 0 && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)))
 		eprintf("%s: not a directory\n", argv[argc-1]);
-	enmasse(argc - optind, &argv[optind], mv);
+	enmasse(argc, &argv[0], mv);
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 int
@@ -27,8 +38,7 @@ mv (const char *s1, const char *s2)
 {
 	if (rename(s1, s2) == 0)
 		return 0;
-	if (errno == EXDEV)
+	if (errno == EXDEV) {
-	{
 		cp_rflag = true;
 		rm_rflag = true;
 		cp(s1, s2);
@@ -37,3 +47,4 @@ mv (const char *s1, const char *s2)
 	}
 	return -1;
 }
+

nl.c

@@ -14,39 +14,50 @@ static const char *sep = "\t";
 static long incr = 1;
 static regex_t preg;
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-b style] [-i increment] [-s sep] [FILE...]\n",
+			argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char c;
 	FILE *fp;
+	char *r;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "b:i:s:")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'b':
-			mode = optarg[0];
+		r = EARGF(usage());
-			if(optarg[0] == 'p')
+		mode = r[0];
-				regcomp(&preg, &optarg[1], REG_NOSUB);
+		if(r[0] == 'p') {
-			else if(!strchr("ant", optarg[0]) || optarg[1] != '\0')
+			regcomp(&preg, &r[1], REG_NOSUB);
-				eprintf("usage: %s [-b mode] [-i increment] [-s separator] [file...]\n", argv[0]);
+		} else if(!strchr("ant", mode)) {
+			usage();
+		}
 		break;
 	case 'i':
-			incr = estrtol(optarg, 0);
+		incr = estrtol(EARGF(usage()), 0);
 		break;
 	case 's':
-			sep = optarg;
+		sep = EARGF(usage());
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(2);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	if(optind == argc)
+
+	if(argc == 0) {
 		nl(stdin);
-	else for(; optind < argc; optind++) {
+	} else for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++) {
-		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[optind], "r")))
+		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[0], "r")))
-			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[optind]);
+			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[0]);
 		nl(fp);
 		fclose(fp);
 	}
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 void
@@ -56,12 +67,16 @@ nl(FILE *fp)
 	long n = 0;
 	size_t size = 0;
 
-	while(afgets(&buf, &size, fp))
+	while(afgets(&buf, &size, fp)) {
 		if((mode == 'a')
-		|| (mode == 'p' && !regexec(&preg, buf, 0, NULL, 0))
+				|| (mode == 'p'
-		|| (mode == 't' && buf[0] != '\n'))
+					&& !regexec(&preg, buf, 0, NULL, 0))
+				|| (mode == 't' && buf[0] != '\n')) {
 			printf("%6ld%s%s", n += incr, sep, buf);
-		else
+		} else {
 			printf("       %s", buf);
+		}
+	}
 	free(buf);
 }
+

nohup.c

@@ -9,21 +9,34 @@
 
 enum { Error = 127, Found = 126 };
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s command [argument...]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 	int fd;
 
-	if(getopt(argc, argv, "") != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		exit(Error);
+	default:
-	if(optind == argc)
+		usage();
-		enprintf(Error, "usage: %s command [argument...]\n", argv[0]);
+	} ARGEND;
+
+	if(argc == 0)
+		usage();
 
 	if(signal(SIGHUP, SIG_IGN) == SIG_ERR)
 		enprintf(Error, "signal HUP:");
+
 	if(isatty(STDOUT_FILENO)) {
-		if((fd = open("nohup.out", O_APPEND|O_CREAT, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR)) == -1)
+		if((fd = open("nohup.out", O_APPEND|O_CREAT,
+						S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR)) == -1) {
 			enprintf(Error, "open nohup.out:");
+		}
 		if(dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO) == -1)
 			enprintf(Error, "dup2:");
 		close(fd);
@@ -32,7 +45,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		if(dup2(STDOUT_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO) == -1)
 			enprintf(Error, "dup2:");
 
-	execvp(argv[optind], &argv[optind]);
+	execvp(argv[0], &argv[0]);
-	enprintf(errno == ENOENT ? Error : Found, "exec %s:", argv[optind]);
+	enprintf(errno == ENOENT ? Error : Found, "exec %s:", argv[0]);
+
 	return Error;
 }
+

paste.c

@@ -13,42 +13,44 @@ typedef struct {
 	const char *name;
 } Fdescr;
 
-static void eusage(void);
 static size_t unescape(wchar_t *);
 static wint_t in(Fdescr *);
 static void out(wchar_t);
 static void sequential(Fdescr *, int, const wchar_t *, size_t);
 static void parallel(Fdescr *, int, const wchar_t *, size_t);
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-s] [-d list] file...\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
-main(int argc, char **argv) {
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
 	const char *adelim = NULL;
 	bool seq = false;
 	wchar_t *delim;
 	size_t len;
 	Fdescr *dsc;
-	int i, c;
+	int i;
 
 	setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "sd:")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 's':
 		seq = true;
 		break;
 	case 'd':
-			adelim = optarg;
+		adelim = EARGF(usage());
 		break;
-		case '?':
 	default:
-			eusage();
+		usage();
-			break;
+	} ARGEND;
-		}
 
-	argc -= optind;
-	argv += optind;
 	if(argc == 0)
-		eusage();
+		usage();
 
 	/* populate delimeters */
 	if(!adelim)
@@ -98,16 +100,14 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) {
 
 	free(delim);
 	free(dsc);
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static void
-eusage(void) {
-	eprintf("usage: paste [-s][-d list] file...\n");
-}
 
 static size_t
-unescape(wchar_t *delim) {
+unescape(wchar_t *delim)
+{
 	wchar_t c;
 	size_t i;
 	size_t len;
@@ -140,7 +140,8 @@ unescape(wchar_t *delim) {
 }
 
 static wint_t
-in(Fdescr *f) {
+in(Fdescr *f)
+{
 	wint_t c = fgetwc(f->fp);
 
 	if(c == WEOF && ferror(f->fp))
@@ -150,14 +151,16 @@ in(Fdescr *f) {
 }
 
 static void
-out(wchar_t c) {
+out(wchar_t c)
+{
 	putwchar(c);
 	if(ferror(stdout))
 		eprintf("write error:");
 }
 
 static void
-sequential(Fdescr *dsc, int len, const wchar_t *delim, size_t cnt) {
+sequential(Fdescr *dsc, int len, const wchar_t *delim, size_t cnt)
+{
 	int i;
 
 	for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
@@ -185,7 +188,8 @@ sequential(Fdescr *dsc, int len, const wchar_t *delim, size_t cnt) {
 }
 
 static void
-parallel(Fdescr *dsc, int len, const wchar_t *delim, size_t cnt) {
+parallel(Fdescr *dsc, int len, const wchar_t *delim, size_t cnt)
+{
 	int last;
 
 	do {

pwd.c

@@ -7,24 +7,32 @@
 
 static const char *getpwd(const char *cwd);
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-LP]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char *cwd, c;
+	char *cwd;
 	char mode = 'L';
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "LP")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'L':
 	case 'P':
-			mode = c;
+		mode = ARGC();
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
+
 	cwd = agetcwd();
 	puts((mode == 'L') ? getpwd(cwd) : cwd);
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 const char *
@@ -42,3 +50,4 @@ getpwd(const char *cwd)
 	else
 		return cwd;
 }
+

rm.c

@@ -7,13 +7,17 @@
 #include "fs.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-fr] FILE...\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char c;
+	ARGBEGIN {
-
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "fr")) != -1)
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'f':
 		rm_fflag = true;
 		break;
@@ -21,9 +25,11 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		rm_rflag = true;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	for(; optind < argc; optind++)
+	for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++)
-		rm(argv[optind]);
+		rm(argv[0]);
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
+

seq.c

@@ -11,43 +11,56 @@ static int digitsright(const char *);
 static double estrtod(const char *);
 static bool validfmt(const char *);
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-f format] [-s sep] [-w width] first"
+		       " [inc [last]]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 	const char *starts = "1", *steps = "1", *ends = "1", *sep = "\n";
 	bool wflag = false;
-	char c, ftmp[BUFSIZ], *fmt = ftmp;
+	char ftmp[BUFSIZ], *fmt = ftmp;
 	double start, step, end, out, dir;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "f:s:w")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'f':
-			if(!validfmt(optarg))
+		if(!validfmt(EARGF(usage())))
-				eprintf("%s: invalid format\n", optarg);
+			eprintf("%s: invalid format\n", ARGF());
-			fmt = optarg;
+		fmt = ARGF();
 		break;
 	case 's':
-			sep = optarg;
+		sep = EARGF(usage());
 		break;
 	case 'w':
 		wflag = true;
 		break;
-		}
+	default:
+		usage();
+	} ARGEND;
 
-	switch(argc-optind) {
+	switch(argc) {
 	case 3:
-		starts = argv[optind++];
+		starts = argv[0];
-		steps = argv[optind++];
+		argv++;
-		ends = argv[optind++];
+		steps = argv[0];
+		argv++;
+		ends = argv[0];
+		argv++;
 		break;
 	case 2:
-		starts = argv[optind++];
+		starts = argv[0];
+		argv++;
 		/* fallthrough */
 	case 1:
-		ends = argv[optind++];
+		ends = argv[0];
 		break;
 	default:
-		eprintf("usage: %s [-w] [-f fmt] [-s separator] [start [step]] end\n", argv[0]);
+		usage();
 	}
 	start = estrtod(starts);
 	step  = estrtod(steps);
@@ -65,9 +78,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		if(wflag) {
 			int left = MAX(digitsleft(starts), digitsleft(ends));
 
-			snprintf(ftmp, sizeof ftmp, "%%0%d.%df", right+left+(right != 0), right);
+			snprintf(ftmp, sizeof ftmp, "%%0%d.%df",
-		}
+					right+left+(right != 0), right);
-		else
+		} else
 			snprintf(ftmp, sizeof ftmp, "%%.%df", right);
 	}
 	for(out = start; out * dir <= end * dir; out += step) {
@@ -77,7 +90,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	}
 	printf("\n");
 
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 int
@@ -155,3 +168,4 @@ format:
 		return false;
 	}
 }
+

sleep.c

@@ -3,18 +3,29 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include "util.h"
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s seconds\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 	unsigned int seconds;
 
-	if(getopt(argc, argv, "") != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	default:
-	if(optind != argc-1)
+		usage();
-		eprintf("usage: %s seconds\n", argv[0]);
+	} ARGEND;
 
-	seconds = estrtol(argv[optind], 0);
+	if(argc < 1)
+		usage();
+
+	seconds = estrtol(argv[0], 0);
 	while((seconds = sleep(seconds)) > 0)
 		;
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+	return 0;
 }
+

sort.c

@@ -14,15 +14,20 @@ static bool uflag = false;
 
 static struct linebuf linebuf = EMPTY_LINEBUF;
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-ru] [file...]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char c;
 	long i;
 	FILE *fp;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "ru")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'r':
 		rflag = true;
 		break;
@@ -30,22 +35,28 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		uflag = true;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(2);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	if(optind == argc)
+
+	if(argc == 0) {
 		getlines(stdin, &linebuf);
-	else for(; optind < argc; optind++) {
+	} else for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++) {
-		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[optind], "r")))
+		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[0], "r")))
-			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[optind]);
+			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[0]);
 		getlines(fp, &linebuf);
 		fclose(fp);
 	}
-	qsort(linebuf.lines, linebuf.nlines, sizeof *linebuf.lines, (int (*)(const void *, const void *))linecmp);
+	qsort(linebuf.lines, linebuf.nlines, sizeof *linebuf.lines,
+			(int (*)(const void *, const void *))linecmp);
 
-	for(i = 0; i < linebuf.nlines; i++)
+	for(i = 0; i < linebuf.nlines; i++) {
-		if(!uflag || i == 0 || strcmp(linebuf.lines[i], linebuf.lines[i-1]) != 0)
+		if(!uflag || i == 0 || strcmp(linebuf.lines[i],
+					linebuf.lines[i-1]) != 0) {
 			fputs(linebuf.lines[i], stdout);
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 int
@@ -53,3 +64,4 @@ linecmp(const char **a, const char **b)
 {
 	return strcmp(*a, *b) * (rflag ? -1 : +1);
 }
+

tail.c

@@ -9,36 +9,40 @@
 static void dropinit(FILE *, const char *, long);
 static void taketail(FILE *, const char *, long);
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-n lines] [file]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char c;
 	long n = 10;
 	FILE *fp;
 	void (*tail)(FILE *, const char *, long) = taketail;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "n:")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'n':
-			n = abs(estrtol(optarg, 0));
+		n = abs(estrtol(EARGF(usage()), 0));
 		if(optarg[0] == '+')
 			tail = dropinit;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	if(optind == argc)
+	if(argc == 0) {
 		tail(stdin, "<stdin>", n);
-	else if(optind == argc-1) {
+	} else if(argc == 1) {
-		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[optind], "r")))
+		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[0], "r")))
-			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[optind]);
+			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[0]);
-		tail(fp, argv[optind], n);
+		tail(fp, argv[0], n);
 		fclose(fp);
-	}
+	} else
-	else
+		usage();
-		eprintf("usage: %s [-n lines] [file]\n", argv[0]);
 
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 void
@@ -76,3 +80,4 @@ taketail(FILE *fp, const char *str, long n)
 	free(ring);
 	free(size);
 }
+

tee.c

@@ -5,38 +5,49 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include "util.h"
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-a] [file...]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 	bool aflag = false;
-	char buf[BUFSIZ], c;
+	char buf[BUFSIZ];
 	int i, nfps = 1;
 	size_t n;
 	FILE **fps;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "a")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'a':
 		aflag = true;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
+
 	if(!(fps = malloc(sizeof *fps)))
 		eprintf("malloc:");
 	fps[nfps-1] = stdout;
 
-	for(; optind < argc; optind++) {
+	for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++) {
 		if(!(fps = realloc(fps, ++nfps * sizeof *fps)))
 			eprintf("realloc:");
-		if(!(fps[nfps-1] = fopen(argv[optind], aflag ? "a" : "w")))
+		if(!(fps[nfps-1] = fopen(argv[0], aflag ? "a" : "w")))
-			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[optind]);
+			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[0]);
 	}
-	while((n = fread(buf, 1, sizeof buf, stdin)) > 0)
+	while((n = fread(buf, 1, sizeof buf, stdin)) > 0) {
-		for(i = 0; i < nfps; i++)
+		for(i = 0; i < nfps; i++) {
 			if(fwrite(buf, 1, n, fps[i]) != n)
 				eprintf("%s: write error:", buf);
+		}
+	}
 	if(ferror(stdin))
 		eprintf("<stdin>: read error:");
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
+

touch.c

@@ -14,26 +14,32 @@ static void touch(const char *);
 static bool cflag = false;
 static time_t t;
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-c] [-t stamp] file...\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	char c;
-
 	t = time(NULL);
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "ct:")) != -1)
+
-		switch(c) {
+	ARGBEGIN {
 	case 'c':
 		cflag = true;
 		break;
 	case 't':
-			t = estrtol(optarg, 0);
+		t = estrtol(EARGF(usage()), 0);
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
-	for(; optind < argc; optind++)
+	for(; argc > 0; argc--, argv++)
-		touch(argv[optind]);
+		touch(argv[0]);
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 void
@@ -60,3 +66,4 @@ touch(const char *str)
 	close(fd);
 	touch(str);
 }
+

uname.c

@@ -6,6 +6,13 @@
 #include <sys/utsname.h>
 #include "util.h"
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-amnrsv]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
@@ -14,11 +21,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	bool rflag = false;
 	bool sflag = false;
 	bool vflag = false;
-	char c;
 	struct utsname u;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "amnrsv")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'a':
 		mflag = nflag = rflag = sflag = vflag = true;
 		break;
@@ -38,8 +43,8 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		vflag = true;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
 	if(uname(&u) == -1)
 		eprintf("uname:");
 
@@ -54,5 +59,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	if(mflag)
 		putword(u.machine);
 	putchar('\n');
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+	return 0;
 }
+

uniq.c

@@ -19,14 +19,19 @@ static bool uflag = false;
 static char *prev_line = NULL;
 static long prev_line_count = 0;
 
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	eprintf("usage: %s [-cdu] [input]]\n", argv0);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	int c;
 	FILE *fp;
 
-	while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "cdu")) != -1)
+	ARGBEGIN {
-		switch(c) {
 	case 'c':
 		countfmt = "%7ld ";
 		break;
@@ -37,21 +42,21 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		uflag = true;
 		break;
 	default:
-			exit(2);
+		usage();
-		}
+	} ARGEND;
 
-	if(optind == argc)
+	if(argc == 0) {
 		uniq(stdin, "<stdin>");
-	else if(optind == argc - 1) {
+	} else if(argc == 1) {
-		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[optind], "r")))
+		if(!(fp = fopen(argv[0], "r")))
-			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[optind]);
+			eprintf("fopen %s:", argv[0]);
-		uniq(fp, argv[optind]);
+		uniq(fp, argv[0]);
 		fclose(fp);
 	} else
-		enprintf(2, "too many arguments\n");
+		usage();
 	uniq_finish();
 
-	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 void
@@ -96,3 +101,4 @@ uniq_finish()
 {
 	uniq_line(NULL);
 }
+